Hyejune Park and Cosette Marie Joyner Armstrong
A massive force is reshaping the fashion industry: second-hand clothing. According to a new report, the US second-hand clothing market is projected to more than triple in value in the next 10 years – from $28 billion in 2019 to $80 billion in 2029 – in a US market currently worth $379 billion.
In 2019, second-hand clothing expanded 21 times faster than conventional apparel retail did.
Even more transformative is second-hand clothing’s potential to dramatically alter the prominence of fast fashion – a business model characterised by cheap and disposable clothing that emerged in the early 2000s, epitomised by brands like H&M and Zara.
Fast fashion grew exponentially over the next two decades, significantly altering the fashion landscape by producing more clothing, distributing it faster and encouraging consumers to buy in excess with low prices.
While fast fashion is expected to continue to grow 20% in the next 10 years, second-hand fashion is poised to grow 185%.
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As researchers who study clothing consumption and sustainability, we think the second-hand clothing trend has the potential to reshape the fashion industry and mitigate the industry’s detrimental environmental impact on the planet.
The next big thing
The second-hand clothing market is composed of two major categories, thrift stores and resale platforms. But it’s the latter that has largely fuelled the recent boom. Second-hand clothing has long been perceived as worn out and tainted, mainly sought by bargain or treasure hunters.
However, this perception has changed, and now many consumers consider second-hand clothing to be of identical or even superior quality to unworn clothing. A trend of “fashion flipping” – or buying second-hand clothes and reselling them – has also emerged, particularly among young consumers.
Thanks to growing consumer demand and new digital platforms like Tradesy and Poshmark that facilitate peer-to-peer exchange of everyday clothing, the digital resale market is quickly becoming the next big thing in the fashion industry.
The market for second-hand luxury goods is also substantial. Retailers like The RealReal or the Vestiaire Collective provide a digital marketplace for authenticated luxury consignment, where people buy and sell designer labels such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel and Hermès. The market value of this sector reached $2 billion in 2019.
The second-hand clothing trend also appears to be driven by affordability, especially now, during the Covid-19 economic crisis. Consumers have not only reduced their consumption of non-essential items like clothing, but are buying more quality garments over cheap, disposable attire.
For clothing resellers, the ongoing economic contraction combined with the increased interest in sustainability has proven to be a winning combination.
More mindful consumers?
The fashion industry has long been associated with social and environmental problems, ranging from poor treatment of garment workers to pollution and waste generated by clothing production.
Less than 1% of materials used to make clothing are currently recycled to make new clothing, a $500 billion annual loss for the fashion industry.
The textile industry produces more carbon emissions than the airline and maritime industries combined. And approximately 20% of water pollution across the globe is the result of wastewater from the production and finishing of textiles.
Consumers have become more aware of the ecological impact of apparel production and are more frequently demanding apparel businesses expand their commitment to sustainability. Buying second-hand clothing could provide consumers a way to push back against the fast-fashion system.
Buying second-hand clothing increases the number of owners an item will have, extending its life – something that has been dramatically shortened in the age of fast fashion. (Worldwide, in the past 15 years, the average number of times a garment is worn before it’s trashed has decreased by 36%.)
High-quality clothing traded in the second-hand marketplace also retains its value over time, unlike cheaper fast-fashion products. Thus, buying a high-quality second-hand garment instead of a new one is theoretically an environmental win. But some critics argue the second-hand marketplace actually encourages excess consumption by expanding access to cheap clothing.
Our latest research supports this possibility. We interviewed young American women who regularly use digital platforms like Poshmark.
They saw second-hand clothing as a way to access both cheap goods and ones they ordinarily could not afford. They did not see it as an alternative model of consumption or a way to decrease dependence on new clothing production.
Whatever the consumer motive, increasing the reuse of clothing is a big step toward a new normal in the fashion industry, though its potential to address sustainability woes remains to be seen.
* Hyejune Park is an Assistant Professor of Fashion Merchandising, Oklahoma State University.
** Cosette Marie Joyner Armstrong is an Associate Professor of Fashion Merchandising, Oklahoma State University
